Coimbatore: The Forgotten Cradle of South Indian Cinema
V.R. Ajith Kumar
Although Madras, which
later became the cradle of South Indian cinema, earned the nickname “Kollywood”
through Kodambakkam—the lucky land of filmmakers—the title originally belonged
to Coimbatore, fondly called “Kovai” by Tamils. It was here, in the 1930s, that
artists and industrialists came together and nurtured South Indian cinema.
Indian cinema first
took shape in Bombay. It was in 1913 that Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja
Harishchandra, regarded as the first Indian feature film. Around the same
period, Hiralal Sen and others were experimenting with short films in Calcutta.
In the South, Nataraja Mudaliar, a car dealer turned filmmaker, became the
first pioneer. In 1917, he established the India Film Company and in 1918
produced and directed the silent film Keechaka Vadham. He later made Draupadi
Vastrapaharanam and Lava Kusha, but due to financial troubles and a
devastating fire in his studio, he had to retire before 1930. Still, Nataraja
Mudaliar is remembered as the father of Tamil cinema. Though his ventures were
based in Madras, it was Coimbatore that became the real hub of South Indian
film production in the decades that followed.
On March 14, 1931,
Ardeshir Irani released India’s first talkie, Alam Ara, in Hindi. Later
that year, H.M. Reddy directed Kalidas, the first South Indian sound
film, with dialogues in both Tamil and Telugu. Though shot in Bombay, film
production soon shifted to Coimbatore. The establishment of Central Studios and
Pakshiraja Studios in the 1930s and 1940s firmly planted the roots of cinema in
Coimbatore. Landmark productions such as Sathi Leelavathi (1936) and Thyagabhoomi
(1939) marked the beginning of this golden era.
Sathi Leelavathi, directed by Ramakrishna Chettiar of Krishna
Pictures and based on a novel by S.S. Vasan (later the founder of Gemini
Studios in Madras), holds a special place in Tamil film history. It was the
debut film of M.G. Ramachandran (MGR), who would later rise to become the Chief
Minister of Tamil Nadu. The film was produced at Central Studios in Coimbatore
and directed by Ellis R. Duncan, a Hollywood filmmaker. Later, the blockbuster Malaikkallan,
also starring MGR, was produced in Coimbatore.
Among the visionaries
who shaped the industry, S.M. Sriramulu Naidu stands out. Active from 1935 to
1976, he revolutionized South Indian cinema. The son of railway station master
Munisamy Naidu, Sriramulu joined his father’s bakery, Davy & Company, in
1932. His association with the Cosmopolitan Club of Coimbatore industrialists
eventually steered him into filmmaking. He initially worked with R. Rangaswamy
at Premier Cinetone Studio in 1934. When Premier folded, a consortium including
Ramakrishna Chettiar (brother of R.K. Shanmukham Chetty, India’s first Finance
Minister), B. Rangaswamy Naidu, C.N. Venkatapathy Naidu, S. Bhimiya Chetty,
P.A. Raju Chettiar and Samikannu Vincent founded Central Studios, with
Sriramulu as a working partner.
On 17 acres at
Singanallur, Coimbatore, Central Studios thrived from 1936 to 1955, producing
47 films, including Bhakta Tukaram (1936) starring Carnatic musician
Musiri Subrahmanya Iyer. The studio’s last production was Town Bus
(1955), directed by K. Somu.
In 1945, Sriramulu
acquired the former Premier Studio, renaming it Pakshiraja Studio. Its 1950
production, Ezhai Padum Paadu, directed by K. Ramnoth, became a
milestone. Adapted from Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables, it was a massive
hit and is one of the ten Tamil films preserved by the National Film Archive of
India. The film featured S.V. Sahasranamam, T.S. Balaiah, S.D. Subbulakshmi, P.
Bhanumathi, and N. Seetharaman—who, after playing Inspector Javert, came to be
popularly known as “Javert Seetharaman.”
Pakshiraja also
produced Malaikkallan (scripted by M. Karunanidhi), later remade in
Telugu as Aggi Ramudu with N.T. Rama Rao. The remarkable fact that MGR,
Karunanidhi, and NTR—associated with this single film—each went on to become
Chief Ministers, remains a unique historical coincidence.
Pakshiraja Studio,
located on Puliyakulam–Sungam Road, was a state-of-the-art facility. Spread
across four acres, it included star apartments, 30 rooms, carpentry workshops,
a beauty salon, a film lab, a canteen, and even a mini-zoo with a tiger. Its
emblem featured Garuda standing on a globe, subduing a serpent. Bollywood stars
Dilip Kumar and Meena Kumari stayed here during the making of Azad
(1955), a Hindi remake of Malaikkallan. Other celebrated films shot here
included Kannika Pavalakodi, Maragatham, Kalyaniyin Kanavan
(starring Sivaji Ganesan and B. Saroja Devi), and the Malayalam classic Sabarimala
Sri Ayyappan (1961).
Sriramulu Naidu is
remembered as a pioneer who modernized set construction, editing, and sound
design, moving cinema from mythological themes to socially relevant subjects.
His vision, technical brilliance, and commitment to quality left an indelible
mark.
Parallel to film
production, Coimbatore also became a hub for film exhibition, thanks to the
efforts of Samikannu Vincent. A Southern Railway employee, Samikannu purchased
a projector and silent films from a Frenchman named DuPont in 1905 and began
touring South India with his screenings. In 1917, he established Variety Hall,
South India’s first permanent cinema theatre, at Town Hall in Coimbatore.
Variety Hall (later renamed Delight) ran for over a century before being
demolished in 2024. Notably, Samikannu was the first to introduce printed
cinema tickets. He also electrified his theatre with a European generator at a
time when the Coimbatore municipality had only one street lamp. His pioneering
spirit laid the foundation for cinema exhibition across South India. The last
screening at Delight was held in June 2023, featuring the 1980 Rajinikanth film
Manithan.
By the 1940s and ’50s,
however, the film industry shifted to Madras. Its rapid urban growth, better
transport facilities, distribution networks, and political clout ensured that
Kodambakkam, with giants like AVM and Gemini Studios, became synonymous with
South Indian cinema. Coimbatore, despite its glorious start, gradually lost its
prominence.
Sriramulu Naidu later
acquired the Bobbili Raja Palace in Bangalore and established Chamundeshwari
Studios in 1970. He passed away in 1976. Central Studio and Pakshiraja Studio,
once the pride of Coimbatore, have since been repurposed for commercial ventures.
Today, the Coimbatore era of cinema remains a fond and fascinating memory of
the golden beginnings of South Indian film.